Firstly, what is an ELT?
ELTs are emergency transmitters found on most general aviation aircraft. They are intended to send a distress signal on 121.5 and 243.0 MHz frequencies and 406 MHz for newer models in case of an aircraft accident. Typically installed at the rear of the aircraft, ELTs are designed to activate upon impact or can be manually triggered using the remote switch and control panel indicator in the cockpit. When activated, the ELT emits an audio alert, and 406-MHz models also transmit the GPS location for search and rescue operations.
Originally, Locator Transmitters (LTs) were designed to operate on the 121.5 MHz frequency to notify air traffic control and aircraft monitoring that frequency. In 1982, a satellite-based monitoring system, COSPAS-SARSAT, was introduced to enhance the detection of these distress signals. In 2009, the international COSPAS-SARSAT satellite system ceased satellite-based monitoring of the 121.5/243 MHz frequencies, partly due to the high incidence of false signals associated with these frequencies. Currently, satellite monitoring exclusively uses the 406 MHz frequency.
Is an ELT required by law in South Africa?
Aircraft intended for extended operations over water or regions where search and rescue efforts would be particularly challenging are required to be equipped with at least one automatic Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT).
Additionally, aircraft involved in domestic general aviation operations with a maximum certificated mass exceeding 5,700 kg, as well as those engaged in any international general aviation operations, are also required to carry at least one automatic ELT.
In summary, if you are operating an aircraft with a certified mass of less than 5,700 kg and do not plan to fly beyond the country's borders, you are not legally required to install an Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT).
Additionally, it is important to note that the older 121.5 MHz frequency, while still monitored, is no longer approved by the South African Civil Aviation Authority (SACAA).
The benefits of having an ELT in the case of an accident.
Pilots undergo extensive training to ensure the safe operation of aircraft and to minimize the risk of accidents. However, aviation inherently involves certain risks, and accidents are an inevitable occurrence. According to a study conducted by Swartz on 647 accidents in Alaska between 2004 and 2009, it was found that 12 of the 133 fatalities might have been prevented if the aircraft had been equipped with a 406 MHz Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT). These devices, when activated, assist search and rescue teams in quickly locating the downed aircraft to facilitate the rescue of any survivors.
Alternative technologies.
Although ELT technology and certification have progressed gradually over time, advancements in satellite communication networks have introduced products capable of both tracking and distress alerting.
Devices like SPOT and Garmin Inreach offer tracking and distress alert capabilities, requiring manual activation. In contrast, systems such as Spidertracks offer automated alerting, which is initiated if the tracking signal ceases without an appropriate shutdown notification.
In the latter scenario, the loss of signal due to an aircraft crash or incident would initiate the distress call, making concerns about the system’s post-crash survivability and activation irrelevant. Although these devices are not certified by the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) and do not substitute the legal requirement for an Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT), aircraft owners might consider exploring them as a safety enhancement instead of equipping with a 406 MHz ELT.
False Alerts on ELT’s
The Aeronautical Search and Rescue Coordination Centre, part of Air Traffic & Navigation Services, is tasked with coordinating search and rescue operations in the Southern African region. When alerted to an ELT activation, the agency assesses the situation and may involve the South African Air Force and other first responders to initiate a search. ASRCC experts dedicate significant research and hours to locating the ELT and its owner. Every activation is treated as an emergency, so false alerts divert attention and adversely impact other search and rescue missions. Approximately 90% of false alerts are due to improper handling of beacons during testing and maintenance.
Ultimately, having a correctly installed and operational ELT can be the determining factor between surviving a crash and facing a prolonged and painful demise due to not being located by rescue personnel after a traumatic accident. The choice is yours !!!
