Over the years, pilot fatigue has been a significant issue. Airline pilots, as well as cargo, corporate and charter pilots, can all experience fatigue while on duty. Although pilot fatigue is widespread and often ignored, it presents a serious threat to aviation safety and should be treated with utmost seriousness.
There is a long history of debates between regulatory agencies, airline pilots and unions, and aircraft operators over pilot fatigue issues. Today, the issue is still being argued as the industry tries to find a common solution to decrease the risks associated with fatigue.
The Problem with Pilot Fatigue
Pilot fatigue has been a real problem since the beginning of air travel. Charles Lindbergh fought to stay awake on his record-breaking 33.5-hour transatlantic flight from New York to Paris on the Spirit of St. Louis. Long-haul pilots have reported falling asleep at the controls. Cargo pilots who fly at night face fatigue from challenging the body's natural internal clock.
The Lindbergh flight provides a great example of the real issue today -- fatigue is an acceptable risk and one that isn't given enough credit. Lindbergh flew from New York to Paris without falling asleep. Similarly, pilots, today get away with flying tired all the time. If you ask an average pilot how much sleep he got the night before a flight, it's probably on par with the average professional, which is about six and a half hours. It might be an acceptable amount of sleep if you have a desk job. However, the additional stresses of a pilot's 10-hour workday, long commutes, lengthy flights, terrible airport diets, long layovers in airport lounges, and potential jet lag increase operational risks for pilots.
One more thing: pilots, like everyone else, face unique family situations, financial stress and other life stresses outside of work. In general, your average pilot might be physically, mentally and emotionally exhausted when he takes the controls. But time after time, the plane takes off and lands without incident, making fatigue a somewhat socially acceptable risk in the aviation world.
Causes
Obviously, fatigue is caused by lack of sleep. But it's not always that simple. It can manifest acutely, such as after a runner completes a marathon, or over time, which we may know as burnout. Here are some specific causes of fatigue:
Lack of quality sleep
Sleep disturbances
Interruption of circadian rhythm (24-hour cycles that are part of the body's internal clock)
Mental or emotional stress (such as family problems, anxiety, or check-ride stress)
Physical exertion, such as heavy exercise
Poor health, including dehydration or poor diet
Specifically, fatigue in pilots can be caused, or amplified by, the following:
Commuting: some pilots start their day 2-3 hours earlier than others to commute to work. Some have to drive a long distance to the airport; more often, though, a pilot's commute is because he doesn't live near his home base at all, and he must fly in from a different airport, adding hours to the beginning of his day.
Layovers at airports: sometimes pilots will have a 12-hour layover at an airport, where they are meant to rest. Instead, some choose not to sleep, or otherwise can't get to sleep. They watch TV, check email, or catch up with old friends and might get a few hours of sleep before their next flight departs.
Jet lag: More apparent with long-haul pilots, jet lag can be a big problem when it comes to pilot fatigue. Most operators give ample time for pilots to adjust to jet lag, but the body does go through stress when its circadian rhythm is interrupted, making it hard for pilots to sleep when they need to, and difficult for them to stay awake later when they need to.
Night flying: Cargo pilots, especially, deal with fatigue when flying lengthy routes at night due to the imbalance of the body's natural circadian rhythm. This will be especially true for those pilots who have varying schedules or alternate day and night shifts.
Monotonous tasks: Pilots who fly the same aircraft on the same routes into the same airports daily are prone to boredom and fatigue.
Symptoms
Falling asleep
Yawning
Poor visual acuity
Feeling "sluggish" or "drowsy"
Decreased reaction time
Decreased concentration
Effects
Lack of motivation
Poor performance of tasks
Forgetfulness
Poor judgement
Diminished decision-making skills, including making rash decisions or lack of making a decision at all
The ultimate risk of pilot fatigue is an aircraft accident and potential fatalities, such as the Colgan Air crash that occurred in early 2009.
Nine hours into his 33-hour flight, Charles Lindbergh wrote in his journal that, "...nothing life can attain, is quite so desirable as sleep." He goes on to record the many effects fatigue had on his flight, including falling asleep with his eyes open and his aircraft getting out of control.
Fatigue is a very real problem for flight crews. While aviation operators can help mitigate the risks of pilot fatigue through education, changes to flight hour limitations and other fatigue management programs, the ultimate responsibility of fatigue management lies with pilots themselves.
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